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Design Tools

Formulas and Relationships
Length Conversion Factors
Volume and Capacity Conversion Factors
Area Conversion Factors
Pressure Conversion Factors
Energy Density Conversion Factors
Mass Conversion Factors
Electrical Conversion Factors
Temperature Conversion Formulas
Unit Prefixes


Formulas and Relationships:
Cell Capacity Ah = I*T
Cell Energy Wh = PT = IVT
Power P = IV = I2R
Resistance of a Conductor R = V/I
Current (Cells in Parallel) I = I1 + I2 + ...In
Total Resistance (Cells in Parallel) 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +...1/Rn
Voltage (Cells in Parallel) V = V1 = V2 =...Vn
Current (Cells in Series) I = I1 = I2 = ...In
Total Resistance (Cells in Series) R = R1 + R2 +...Rn
Voltage (Cells in Series) V = V1 + V2 +...Vn
Formula Relation and Conversion
Key:
I = Current expressed in amperes
V = Electromotive force (emf) expressed in volts
P = Power expressed in watts
R = Resistance expressed in ohms
Wh = Watt-hours
T = Time expressed in hours

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Length Conversion Factors:
SYMBOL UNIT CONVERSION FACTOR
in. inch 1 in. = 2.54 cm = 25.4 mm = 0.08333 ft.
m meter 1 m = 3.280840 ft. = 39.370079 in.
mm millimeter 1 mm = 0.001 m = 0.1 cm = 0.039370 in.
ft. foot 1 ft. = 0.3048 m = 30.48006 cm
cm centimeter 1 cm = 0.01 m = 10 mm = 0.393701 in.
m meter 1 m = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters =1,000 millimeters

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Volume and Capacity Conversion Factors:
SYMBOL UNIT CONVERSION FACTOR
cm3 cubic centimeter 1 cm3 = 0.001 L
1 cm3 = 1 ml = 0.061024 in.3
1 cm3 = 0.000001 cubic meters (m)3
1 cm3 = 0.001 liters (L)
in.3 cubic inch 1 in.3 = 0.016387 L = 16.38706 cm3
1 in.3 = 1.6387064 x 10-2 liters (L)
L liter 1 L = 61.023744 in.3
1 L = 1,000 cubic centimeters (cm)3
1 L = 61.0237441 cubic inches (in.)3
1 L = 0.2199692 gallons (U.K.)
1 L = 0.26417205 gallons (U.S.)
gal. gallon 1 gal., U.S. = 3.7854118 liters (L)
1 gal., U.K. = 4.546092 liters (L)
ml milliliter 1 ml = 0.001L = 1 cm3

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Area Conversion Factors:
SYMBOL UNIT CONVERSION FACTOR
cm2 square centimeters 1 cm2 = 0.0001 m2 = 100 mm2 = 0.1550 in.2
in.2 square inch 1 in.2 = 6.4516 cm2 = 645.1626 mm2
1 in.2 = 6.4156 x 10-4 square meters (m)2
m2 square meter 1m2 = 10,000 square centimeters (cm)2
1m2 = 1,550.0031 square inches (in.)2

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Pressure Conversion Factors:
SYMBOL UNIT CONVERSION FACTOR
atm atmosphere 1 atm = 14.696 lbs./in.2 = 760 mm Hg
1 atm = 1033.23 g/cm2
psi pounds per sq. in. (avdp) 1 psi = 6.80460 x 10-2 atm
1 psi = 7.0455 x 10-2 Kg/cm2

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Energy Density Conversion Factors:
FROM TO CONVERSION
Wh/kg Wh/lb. Divide Wh/kg by 2.205 lb./kg
Wh/lb. Wh/kg Divide Wh/lb. by 0.45359 kg/lb.
Wh/in.3 Wh/L Divide Wh/in.3 by 0.016387 L/in.3
Wh/L Wh/in.3 Divide Wh/L by 61.023744 in.3/L
Wh/in.3 Wh/cm3 Divide Wh/in.3 by 16.387 cm3/in.3

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Mass Conversion Factors:
SYMBOL UNIT CONVERSION FACTOR
g gram 1 g = 0.002205 lb. (avdp)
1 g = 0.035274 oz. (avdp)
kg kilogram 1 kg = 2.2046 lbs. (avdp)
1 kg = 9.84206528 x 10-4 long tons
1 kg = 1.10231131 x 10-3 short tons
oz. ounce (avdp) 1 oz. = 28.3495231 g
lb. pound (avdp) 1 lb. = 453.59 g
mg milligram 1 mg = 0.001 g

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Electrical Conversion Factors:
SYMBOL UNIT CONVERSION FACTOR
A ampere 1 A = 1 coulomb/second
m
 milliohm 1 m
= 0.001
mA milliampere 1 mA = 0.001 A
M
 megohm 1 M
= 1 x 106
µA microampere 1 µA = 1x10-6A = 0.000001 ampere
nA nanoampere 1 nA = 1 x 10-9 A

ohm = V/A
mAh milliampere-hour 1 mAh = 0.001 Ah
mV millivolt 1 mV = 0.001 volts
V volt 1 V = 1 joule/coulomb
W watt 1 W = 1 joule/second
Wh watt-hour 1 Wh = 3,600 joules
J joule 1 J = 1 watt-second
kHz kilohertz 1 kHz = 1,000 Hz

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Temperature Conversion Formulas:
Celsius °C °C = 5/9 (°F - 32)
Fahrenheit °F °F = 9/5 °C + 32

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Unit Prefixes:
FACTOR PREFIX SYMBOL
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
10 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p

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